DESIGNING CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENTS
This section proposes
a framework to help guide the design and evaluation of environments that can
optimize learning. Drawing heavily on
the three principles discussed above, it posits four interrelated attributes of
learning environments that need cultivation.
1.
Schools and classrooms must
be learner centered.
Teachers must pay
close attention to the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that learners bring
into the classroom. This incorporates
the preconceptions regarding subject matter already discussed, but it also
includes a broader understanding of the learner.
For example:
• Cultural differences can affect students’
comfort level in working collaboratively versus individually, and they are
reflected in the background knowledge students bring to a new learning
situation (Moll et al., 1993).
• Students’ theories of what it means to be
intelligent can affect their performance.
Research shows that students who think that intelligence is a fixed
entity are more likely to be performance oriented than learning oriented—they
want to look good rather than risk making mistakes while
learning. These
students are especially likely to bail out when tasks become difficult. In
contrast, students who think that intelligence is malleable are more willing to
struggle with challenging tasks; they are more comfortable with risk (Dweck,
1989; Dweck and Legget, 1988).
Teachers in
learner-centered classrooms also pay close attention to the individual progress
of each student and devise tasks that are appropriate .Learner-centered teachers
present students with “just manageable difficulties”—that is, challenging
enough to maintain engagement, but not so difficult As to lead to
discouragement. They must therefore have
an understanding Of their students’ knowledge, skill levels, and interests
(Duckworth, 1987).